The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process ...
“There is currently no cure for COPD, since the damage it causes to the lungs is not reversible. There are things a person can do to prevent COPD from becoming worse, and there are an increasing ...
In this review we summarise what we have learned about the natural history of COPD exacerbations from clinical studies that have incorporated physiological measurements. We discuss the pathophysiology ...
Inflammation causes fibrosis in the airways and loss ... The subgroup of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with two or more exacerbations annually is accordingly considered to have ...
Shortness of breath and chronic cough are two common signs of COPD. Learn more about symptoms to discuss with your doctor and when to seek emergency care. Verywell Health's content is for ...