Medically reviewed by Jay N. Yepuri, MD Kidney stones can cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and ...

This patient experienced diverse renal colic episodes and spontaneously expelled 11 renal calculi, nine of which were papillary. The analysis of these calculi is summarized in Figure 1.

Most of these HAP deposits grew, eroding the epithelium covering the renal papillae, coming into contact with urine and starting the development of COM calculi. Subepithelial HAP plaques may alter ...